Impact of the Boxer Rebellion on China and the Qing Dynasty

The Boxers throughout the length of the Rebellion aimed to influence and enforce their views upon the Chinese people and the ruling Qing dynasty. This group, comprised primarily of adolescents from Northern China, aimed to rid their country from economic manipulation, political invasion, the influence of foreign ideas and to eradicate Christianity from China. These aims were conveyed through a series of significant actions performed between 1899 and 1901 which included those such as: attacks on Chinese Christians both directly and indirectly, the politic massacre of foreigners and foreign diplomats, the assault on foreign legations and their 55-day long siege of Beijing. The compilation of these events led to a significant but†¦show more content†¦This particular action impacted on the Qing dynasty as it now had to formally acknowledge in which side it was support of, punishing the Boxers would mean the Qing was in the alliance with the foreign while not punishing them would mean the opposite as the Qing would have to respond to the outrage of the foreigners. A week later, Empress Ci Xi announced that she would fight the foreigners with the help of theShow MoreRelatedModernization Of A Progressive Transition From A Modern Society1334 Words   |  6 Pages20th century. As a nation like China, which developed later than others, see modernization as a guide to rapid development. China had been through various wars and movements from the late 19th century until the mid 20th century before the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. Before the modernization of China, two major rebellions, which happened in the late 1900s had implicated strongly on her modernization process. One of the major rebellions, which affected deeply on China’sRead MoreThe Boxer Rebellion : Myths And Symbolism1167 Words   |  5 Pagesdescribing the Boxer Rebellion as a myth. Myths, or mythologization, is essentially the manner in which later groups and people would use the Boxer Rebellion to suit their own ideals or social movements. Chen Duxia, future head of the Chinese Communist Party, provided a scathing critique of the Boxers, especially regarding the 5 causes of their rise in power. Given the continuing prevalence of these 5 causes, primarily religious beliefs, Chen warning of the possibility of a reemergence of the Boxers. If thisRead MoreBoxer Rebellion Causes1084 Words   |  5 PagesExplain causes of the Boxer Rebellion The Boxer Rebellion occurred as a result of both foreign and domestic internal tensions. These tensions were the causes of the Boxer Rebellion. China faced terrible natural disasters in 1899 and these was the main short term on the Boxer Rebellion. These included the flooding of the Yellow river then followed by the terrible drought. This lead to crops being destroyed and to farmers unable to pay their taxes which damaged the economy and millions of Chinese peopleRead MoreHow Far Do You Agree That the Qing Dynasty Fell Mainly Because of the Humiliation of China at the Hands of Foreigners?1510 Words   |  7 PagesHow far do you agree that the Qing Dynasty fell mainly because of the humiliation of China at the hands of foreigners? The Qing Dynasty fell apart in the 19th after flourishing throughout the 18th century. Like many complicated systems, it grew brittle and inflexible. It could not adjust as new problems arose. Bad harvests, warfare, rebellions, overpopulation, economic disasters, and foreign imperialism contributed to the dynasty’s collapse. 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They were attempting to drive all foreigners out and away from China, fearing that they would transform traditional ways of the Chinese culture. This event would prove to be a detriment to both the people of China, as well as the country of China as a wholeRead MoreThe impact of the Scientific and the Industrial Revolution1060 Words   |  4 Pagesnineteenth century to the first half of the twentieth century, the world was dramatically transformed by the impact of industrial and scientific revolutions. Those industrialized countries that controlled the power and wealth were looking for huge market to promote the primitive capital accumulation and develop industrialization. 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The Qing dynasty had believed that they were superior to other countries, and

The Role of Alfieri in Miller’s A View from the Bridge Essay

The Role of Alfieri in Miller’s A View from the Bridge Arthur Miller is now regarded as one of the world’s greatest dramatists. In his plays he explores the struggles of the ordinary man against authority and insurmountable odds. It is his ability to dramatize the attempts to find the balance between the different conflicts of life that is Miller’s feature as a writer. â€Å"Many of his plays look at the position of the individual in relation to their responsibilities and position in society and may be seen, as a result, to be political.† (Tim Bezant.) While exploring human faults he also talks about the hidden emotions within people. This is significantly highlighted throughout his world-renowned theatrical production of ‘A View from the†¦show more content†¦Many of the immigrants were of illegal legacy and were being exploited by the people who helped bring them to America and so consequently he further advanced his knowledge of the community spirit in the slum areas of New York and the beliefs and v alues of the Sicilian individuals. During this time period, Miller had close associations with the families of the dockworkers and to him, this was â€Å"a dangerous and mysterious world at the water‘s edge that drama and literature had never touched.† In his autobiography ‘Time bends’ he narrates that a friend told him about a dream he had about an attraction he felt for his cousin. When he interpreted the dream as an indication that the man might have wanted an incestuous relationship with the girl the man was horrified and refused to accept that there might be any truth in what Miller was saying. In juxtaposition, the middle 20th century aphorised the exploration of Italian immigrants, having come to America, as Miller’s parents had done, in the hope of work, wealth and security that their home countries could not guarantee. This was due to the Second World War where countries in Europe were in financial trouble. The war completely crippled the economics of the European Powers and it had also shown that America was the most powerful country in the world - a ’land of opportunityShow MoreRelatedThe Dramatic Importance of the Role of Alfieri in A View From the Bridge1115 Words   |  5 PagesDramatic Importance of the Role of Alfieri in A View From the Bridge First performed in 1956. Arthur Millers play A view from the bridge was originally set in the 1940s and started life as a one act verse before Arthur Miller converted it to a two act play to enhance and make it more enjoyable for the audience of today. In the title A view from the bridge Arthur Miller is referring to the Brooklyn Bridge which used to be the largest cable bridge in the world and its main Read MoreThe Domination of Female Characters in A Streetcar Named Desire and A View from the Bridge1278 Words   |  6 PagesThe plays A Streetcar Named Desire and A View from the Bridge are both plays that focus on mainly the theme of domination of the female characters by the males. Where A Streetcar Named Desire is a Southern Gothic, A View from a Bridge is a tragedy that is actually similar to Williams’ play as they both end tragically for the main character. Each playwright uses their own method and techniques in order to get the message or point of view across to the audience members. In A Streetcar Named DesireRead MoreThe Role of Alfieri in A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller1851 Words   |  8 PagesThe Role of Alfieri in A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller In Miller’s ‘A View From The Bridge’, Alfieri holds a vital role. He opens and closes the play, distinguishes between the two acts and in general keeps the audience up to date with the play’s swift pace, providing us with an inside understanding of the events which take place. What is interesting about Alfieri’s role is that he acts not only as a chorus for the play, but that he also partakes in the proceedingsRead MoreHelping the Audience Understand the Themes of A View from the Bridge1044 Words   |  5 PagesExamine Millers use of language and dramatic devices in helping the audience to understand the themes of A View from the Bridge. In the play, A View from the Bridge. Arthur Miller uses a variety of language and dramatic devices. These techniques are used to express the play more creatively, helping the audience to develop an enhanced understanding of the text. He uses elements such as character and language to convey the in-depth meanings of the themes within the play. In the playRead MoreEssay on Arthur Millers A View From the Bridge909 Words   |  4 PagesArthur Millers A View From the Bridge A View From The Bridge is set in early 1950s America at a time when it was very common for illegal crime syndicates to transport illegal immigrants into America for large sums of money. It is based around a small family who decide to have two of their relatives imported from Italy so they can try and make some money for their poor families back home. The play covers many issues including aggression, hostility and the trueRead MoreIs Eddie a Tragic Hero? (the View from the Bridge)1230 Words   |  5 Pagesjudgment or has a fatal flaw that, combined with fate and external forces, brings on a tragedy.† (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tragic+hero) The play, A View from the Bridge written by Arthur Miller defines the character Eddie, the protagonist, as occupying most of the qualities for a tragic hero. Eddie in A View from the Bridge came from a noble family background and had failed to realize his weakness that he had love for his niece. In this case, this love is not an adopted daughter and a fatherRead MoreHow Miller Uses Alfieri in A View From the Bridge1510 Words   |  7 PagesHow Miller Uses Alfieri in A View From the Bridge In A View From the Bridge Miller uses Alfieri in a great number of ways, sometimes to support the action, to narrate and to add to the literary conventions of the play. For example, to act as the chorus would have throughout a Greek tragedy, which would have been to comment on the action and to fill in minor parts of the play. Alfieri is used for both of these things. He delivers the prologue at the beginning and alsoRead MoreEssay on Justice in A View from the Bridge1747 Words   |  7 PagesJustice in A View from the Bridge Arthur Miller is now regarded as one of the world’s greatest dramatists. In his plays he explores the struggles of the ordinary man against authority and insurmountable odds. Millers own struggle therefore with this issue is present in ‘A View from the Bridge’ as he, like the characters in his plays (such as Eddie Carbone), was faced with the problem of choosing to be American or not, specifically by naming names of people who were doing (what were consideredRead MoreA View from the Bridge1822 Words   |  8 Pagesdramatic function of Alfieri’s character in ‘A View from the Bridge’? ‘A View from the Bridge’ is a play written by Arthur Miller. Miller’s inspiration for this play is close to his heart. He grew up in New York City; his parents were illegal immigrants into the United States looking for work. Alfieri is a key component, not only is he a character he is also a narrator. He acts as a chorus to the play and an aid to the audience. Alfieri plays many small roles to combine and create a depth and understandingRead MoreConventions of Tragedy in A View From The Bridge By Arthur Miller1100 Words   |  5 PagesConventions of Tragedy in A View From The Bridge By Arthur Miller Arthur Miller manipulates his characters and uses literary devices to effectively convey to the audience the trajectory of Eddie Carbone and his flaws of misconduct in the play, A View From The Bridge. He uses all the conventions of a modern tragedy adequately to help arouse sympathy, suspense and fear from the audience at significant intervals of the play

Bill Clinton 2 Essay Research Paper Bill free essay sample

Bill Clinton 2 Essay, Research Paper Bill Clinton In recent history, one would be hard pressed to happen one politician surrounded in more contention than Bill Clinton. His dirts have included drugs, criminal conversation, lese majesty, and fraud. The latest obloquy that has plagued his presidential term resulted in him going merely the 2nd president in the history of the United States to be impeached. After a long and drawn out sexual torment test, Paula Jones attorneies deposed former White House intern Monica Lewinsky. What would follow in the following 14 months, even Clinton s most inexorable critics couldn Ts have predicted. It all began with Clinton s now ill-famed words ; I have neer had sexual dealingss with that adult female, Monica Lewinsky. Several videotapes, sapeanas, and cigar gags subsequently, the American populace found out that he did, so, had sex with that adult female. Many were outraged, many thought it was his personal concern, and many merely didn t attention. We will write a custom essay sample on Bill Clinton 2 Essay Research Paper Bill or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The state became divided on what actions should be taken against a popular president that had merely admitted to lying to his public and perchance lying under curse. Every constitutional bookman had an sentiment about what constituted high offenses and misdemeanours. The 146th Congress had to find that for themselves, and in early January of 1999, William Jefferson Clinton was impeached. As the focal point so turned to the Senate, many arguments arose. Did the President s sexual injudiciousness deserve to acquire him removed from office? Other options such as censoring were debated, but whether or non other options could even be discussed brought dissension. In the terminal, the Senate voted against taking Clinton from office, but whether that will be the last of this affair, merely clip will state. Fifty old ages from now, when our expansive kids are larning about our 46th President, what will the books state? Will they explain how his moral hypocracy divided a state? As a member of our United States armed forces, I find it difficult to esteem a adult male who can so easy lie to his citizens, deny duty for his actions, and anticipate the populace to forgive and bury with no existent penitence. It is a sad clip for our state when parents can t even use the caput of province as a function theoretical account for their kids. As a consequence of Clinton s actions, his every determination is questioned for fright that he is merely covering us another prevarication. Can Americans rely on Bill Clinton to do the best picks for our state when we don t even swear him? Although what President Clinton did is non morally right I feel that it is of import to look at the positive things that he has done for our state. Like the old expression goes you have to take the good with the bad. If you look past the moral issues and look at what he has done to better America s economic system you will happen that he has done a considerable occupation. With the shortage that President Reagan and President Bush left him you could likely state that he has done a great occupation. For the 2nd clip in our states being we have a excess. This means that our budget is so good organized that we have excess money to pass where we see fit. Financially our state is better away now that it has been in the last 20 old ages. Every twelvemonth that Mr. Clinton has been in office unemployment and public assistance has dropped well. We may non swear President Clinton socially but I know we can swear him financially. The great thing about our state is that we have the right to hold our ain sentiments. Whether you feel that President Clinton should remain in office or be forced out is wholly up to you. That is what makes our state great.

The Human Mating Game Essay Example For Students

The Human Mating Game Essay Human Mating GameIts a dance as old as the human race. At cocktail lounges and church socials, during office coffee breaks and dinner parties most blatantly, perhaps, in the personal ads in newspapers and magazines men and women participate in a ritual that has been embedded in our existence since the dawn of man. Beginning at young ages, humans start learning to master the art of attracting someone of the opposite sex, one day hoping to find the perfect mate. Whether it was the physical aspect, personality aspect, or the chemical aspect of attraction, there is something that attracts mankind to members of the other sex. The question is, How do you interpret these signals and how do you respond to them?;Researchers and educators are beginning to observe that the age that children start to take notice of the opposite sex. As early as the pre-teen years children start going out.; Many parents fear that their kids are being pushed into adulthood too quickly. Yet, they recognize that pre -teen relationships often resemble childs play more than teenage romance. Pre-teens pair up to impress their friends. Within a group of pre-teens, they might constantly trade boyfriends and girlfriends because it doesnt really matter as long as each other has someone. These couples traditionally would not go out for more than a month and they may do little more than talk a few times on the phone. Fortunately, pre-teens take break-ups in stride which later prepares one for the possibility of hurting and being hurt by someone in ones future teenage and adult years (Hoose 56-63). We will write a custom essay on The Human Mating Game specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The early teenage years are when young adolescents begin to learn the basics of the Flirting Game, especially the girls. There are 52 different nonverbal courtship behaviors used by women. 31 of these 52 flirtations were exhibited by 13-16 year old girls in a study that included going to shopping malls, ice skating rinks, and other places that adolescents congregate. The only signals missing were those at the more overt end of the spectrum, such as actual caressing. Not only were some of the signs missing, but the teens gestures looked less natural than ones that would be made by more mature females; They laughed much louder, stared more obviously, and their moves were overall much sloppier. If there was a leader among the group, the followers usually modeled their behavior on the leader of the pack. The rate at which these adolescents signaled was considerably less frequent- 7.6 signs per hour per girl, as opposed to 44.6 per woman. Even though they much rougher around the edges tha n a mature woman, these girls were equally effective in attracting the object of their affection, in this particular case, teen boys (Lott 42-45, 72). What teenagers are involved in may also make a difference in the view of sex and the sex drive of the adolescent. Most researchers have thought by encouraging kids to become active in playing sports, they would reduce their sex drive and keep them occupied so that they wouldnt have the opportunity to participate in sexual acts. In females, this seems to be true. Young women who participate in athletics seem to have sex later and less often than their non-athletic peers, and by doing so face a lower risk of pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. Supposedly, taking part in sports raises a females self-esteem and gives them the power to say NO.; Males, in contrast, often tend to be slightly more sexually experienced. Kathleen Miller, Ph.D., of the State University of New YorkBuffalo, states, The culture of sports reinforces the mind-set that boys score on and off the field.; The minds of these boys think, Since I cant get pregnant, why should I worry if I get some girl pregnant.; The males feel that since they are so busy with athletics, that they can have a little fun in their spare time, risk free.; This is why it is so important that the adults in their lives help them to resist that message. Their coaches should be role models for male athletes. Being in their position they have the power to encourage the boys to be responsible and to make smart choices

A comparative essay of I Cladius by Robert Graves and Augustus by Alan Massie

A comparative essay of I Cladius by Robert Graves and Augustus by Alan Massie "Autobiography is now almost as common as adultery, and almost as reprehensible," wrote Lord Altrincham. Whether writing an autobiography is as reprenhensible is open to debate, but Lord Altrincham did get one thing right: that many people, even the most obscure citizen, are writing autobiographies. Some authors are even taking to writing fictional ones for historical figures who have been dead for millenia.In these books a modern author assumes the role of a historical figure and recounts the subjects life and history of the time period through a first person narritive.Claudius the God by Robert Graves and Augustus by Allan Massie are two such books. The protagonists in these novels, Claudius and Augustus, were both emperors of Rome at the height of its power making them ideal candidates for such a work. The application of a modern author's perspective to an era whose history books are already full of bias, rumour, and unfounded opinion is an interesting premise, but is it actually effective?The answer is yes, the fictional autobiography is an effective and entertaining genre, because it allows for vast amounts of both explicit and implicit characterization, which gives the reader a real insight into the true nature and beliefs of the of the protagonists, which allows the reader to develop connections with the protagonist.papo com a là ­via na casa do claudioThese connections are important because they allow the reader to fully empathize with the protagonist and thus be affected and entertained by the plot of the novel. If these connections do not exist then the reader will not care what happens to the protagonist, and thus the fictional autobiography will fail to be engaging, because the plight of the protagonist is of such importance to the novel.This all-important characterization is achieved implicitly through the protagonists' relations with women, how power corrupts...

Insults and Aspersions

Insults and Aspersions Insults and Aspersions Insults and Aspersions By Maeve Maddox Like the rabbit Thumper in Bambi, I was brought up on the admonition, â€Å"if you can’t say nuthin’ nice, don’t say nuthin’ at all.† How times have changed! Not only has insult come to pervade public discourse, the Web abounds with insult generators to assist the invective-challenged. For instance, creative types who want to add a little class to their abuse can consult a Shakespearean insult generator. The word insult derives from Latin insultare, â€Å"to attack†; literally, â€Å"to jump on.† In medicine, an insult is anything that attacks or causes injury to the body. The verb insult means to display a scornful attitude towards someone by speech or behavior. As I have always understood the word, an insult is a deliberate attack on someone’s feelings, but there’s some evidence that for some folks, even a remark devoid of hurtful intention may be construed as an insult if it disagrees with one’s own views. This is from an article offering advice about how to respond to insults: It can be hard to know what to do when someone makes a thoughtful remark that is insulting to your convictions, values or beliefs I can see how one person’s â€Å"thoughtful remark† might be offensive to someone of differing beliefs, but I don’t see how it’s insulting. Here are some synonyms for the noun insult: jibe affront slight barb slur indignity injury libel slander declamation abuse [uh-BYUS] disparagement aspersion (usually in the plural) dig crack put-down slap in the face kick in the teeth cheap shot low blow Here are synonyms for the verb to insult: abuse [uh-BYUZE] be rude to slight disparage discredit libel slander malign defame denigrate cast aspersions on call someone names put someone down affront humiliate wound badmouth dis calumniate Note on aspersions: A reader asked me if one can do anything with aspersions other than cast them. The answer seems to be, â€Å"No.† The word aspersions comes from the verb asperse, â€Å"to besprinkle or bespatter.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Yiddish Handbook: 40 Words You Should Know11 Writing Exercises to Inspire You and Strengthen Your Writing55 "House" Idioms

OB Clinical Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

OB Clinical Assignment - Essay Example If there are one or two missed periods, then this can suggest pregnancy. Morning sickness is another presumptive sign of pregnancy. Although this is referred to as morning sickness, this is really a misnomer, as the nausea that is associated with early pregnancy can occur anytime during the day. The variations that a woman might have is that certain foods might taste differently than before, and certain odors might also cause nausea. The nausea that is associated with pregnancy often occurs beginning in the sixth week after the first day of the last menstrual period and this nausea may last for 6 to 12 weeks, often ending at the beginning of the second trimester. Some women may still experience nausea and vomiting after this time frame, but this is not usual. Other signs of early pregnancy include excessive fatigue, which may begin a few weeks after the first day of the last menstrual period, and this excessive fatigue may last throughout the first trimester. Urinary frequency is ano ther sign of early pregnancy, in the first trimester. This is because the uterus is enlarging, which puts pressure on the bladder. The urinary frequency often disappears after the first trimester, as the uterus rises higher in the abdomen, then returns towards the end of pregnancy, as the uterus once again puts pressure on the bladder. ... Another presumptive pregnancy sign is quickening, which is fetal movement. This might be a fluttering in the abdomen that increases in duration and frequency. This starts occurring around the 16th week, so this is really a presumptive sign that is a second trimester sign. The movement eventually become distinctly fetal movements, as the woman first starts feeling movements that do not necessarily mean pregnancy, progressing to movements that definitely do mean pregnancy - such as the baby kicking and turning. Another sign of early pregnancy is libido changes – this might mean that the woman either wants to have more sex, or doesn’t want to have as much sex as she did before she became pregnant. A woman might also experience strange cravings – the old cliche is that a woman might suddenly crave pickles and ice cream together, but the cravings can be something more subtle. Perhaps she suddenly craves oysters, where she didn’t like oysters before. She might e xperience colostrum from the breasts, which is discharge. Her abdomen might become enlarged. Montgomery’s tubercules is another sign – these are the tiny bumps which are on a woman’s aureolas, that become more pronounced during pregnancy. Braxton Hicks contractions are another possible sign of pregnancy - around six weeks of pregnancy, the uterus starts to contract periodically, although this is almost imperceptible to most women. Probable Signs of Pregnancy Probable signs are more diagnostic of pregnancy than are the presumptive signs, although even these signs are not definitive, in that these signs can occur without the woman being pregnant. One of the signs is that the vagina and the uterus change. The cervix becomes softer. There is also a dark violet coloration of the vagina, vulva and the

Land Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Land Law - Essay Example It can be seen that Piers’ behaviour is lawful given that he lawfully entered into a contract with Rupert where an agreement of sale of the house was reached between the two. A contract can be loosely described as a legally binding agreement between two parties (Gibson, 1988). Certain elements need to exist in the formation of a contract. In order for a contract to be legally binding, there should be an agreement between the two parties involved. According to Harvey v Facey [1893] AC552, every contract should consist of an offer made by one party and accepted by the other. If it involves buying and selling, the seller agrees to sell something and the buyer agrees to pay for the goods or products being sold. Thus, sale of goods or property is regarded as a legally binding contract. After buying the Sun House, Piers became the legal owner of the place and is entitled to full control of it hence his behaviour is legal when he makes the changes described above. This agreement of s ale is silent about the existence of a tenant, Heather who has a legal two year contract of renting the place. However, this agreement was made between her and Rupert, the previous owner. In actual fact, it is Rupert who was supposed to redefine Heather’s contract since he was selling the property to another new owner. Rupert could also have raised the issue with the new owner of the place if he was willing to accommodate this sitting tenant at the premises. However, this is not the case so Piers has the right to enjoy freedom at his newly acquired property. Indeed, this action can affect Heather who is unaware of what is happening but it is advisable to Piers that his behaviour is legal. On the agreement of sale of the house it is not stated that there is a tenant living there so there is no way Piers can be sued for something which he is not part of. By virtue of ordering Charlotte not to use his front drive, it is also advisable that his behaviour is within the legal confi nes of the law. The law of the land states that every person has a right to ownership to property and owners are protected by the laws of trespass to land. This can be supported by the case of Winder v. DPP [1996] 160 J.P.R 713, where the defendants were charged and convicted of aggravated trespass for intentionally disturbing a fox hunt on private property. As the new owner of the Sun House, Piers has a right to enjoy freedom without interference by trespassers hence his behaviour can be said to be lawful. Charlotte has to abide by the rules of the new owner of the place and she has to find another alternative route. In case of Jude who contributed 33% when the Sun House was initially purchased, it can be noted that Piers also has the right to tell him to leave. In the agreement of sale of the house, it was clearly spelled that Rupert was the sole owner of the place. In fact, it is Rupert who misrepresented the facts so this may not be a problem of the new owner of the house who bo ught it in faith on the basis of information he obtained from the seller when they entered into this particular agreement. A critical analysis of this case shows that Piers’ behaviour is lawful though it has a negative impact on the other parties affected as discussed above. 2. When Kevin the property developer finished renovating the previously dilapidated houses he bought, he

Dr. Adler’s New Vision for New York Medical College Essay Example for Free

Dr. Adler’s New Vision for New York Medical College Essay Quality education plays an important role in the development of an individual, as well as in any field of profession. In relation to this, quality education entails that it could adapt to the changes that happen through time. This kind of adage is most applicable in the field of profession that involves the welfare of other people especially when in comes to their health. Being the case, medical schools should also do the necessary steps in order to enhance the quality of education that they render to their students. In line with this, the new vision of Dr. Karl Adler tends to address such changes, which makes it a sound proposal to improve the performance and contribution of New York Medical College to the students and the society. Dr. Adler’s new vision involves affiliating the New York Medical College with Catholic universities in the New York metropolitan region (Klein, n. d. ). Personally, I believe that this proposal could indeed become very beneficial for the college, as well as for the university that they will be affiliated with. Pursuing this plan can help in addressing the problems that the college is currently experiencing. First, during the recent years, the college has been experiencing a deficit because of the unstable financial condition of the hospitals that it is connected with. As a result, the college is having difficulties in managing their finances. An affiliation with a university that has more students and greater sources of budget could aid this problem. Second, working interdependently with a university will also give way for greater grants that will help primary care doctors in their training (Singer, 1997). Lastly, New York Medical College is among the last colleges that have not been declared as a university. Establishing partnership with a university will give the students of the college an exposure with other fields like law, sociology, business, and other things available in a university. In the same manner, the college will also gain a chance to study medical intensive areas of study. The new vision of Dr. Karl Adler is indeed a sound proposal that will greatly contribute in addressing the problems of the college as well as making it a better educational institution. He exemplified a proactive and effective leader thinks of ways in order to adapt with changes. The concept of quality education could be fully realized in his plan because as Dr. Adler said â€Å"by working closely together we’ll make New York Medical College stronger† (Klein, n. d. ). References Klein, M. (n. d. ). New President sets course for medical college. The Journal News. Singer, P. (1997). Grant Helps to Ready Primary Care Doctors. Retrieved February 11, 2009, from http://query. nytimes. com/gst/fullpage. html? res= 9B03E6DB103EF935A15753C1A961958260partner=rssnytemc=rss.

Hazard Mitigation Planning Essay -- Natural Disasters

Executive summary Hazard mitigation planning is an approach aimed at ascertaining ways to reduce the effects, deaths and damage to property that might result in the occurrence of a natural of man-made hazard. Hurricanes are among the costliest and the most destructive of natural disasters. Since 1995, the United States has witnessed more intense activities by hurricanes with Mobile County in Alabama experiencing hurricane Ivan and hurricane Dennis in 2004 and 2005 (Link, 2010). In 2005, Hurricane Katrina was the costliest and one of the deadliest hurricanes to have hit the United States and was rated category three in Mobile County (Marchi, 2007). The response to the disaster was poor owing to the lack of proper disaster preparedness as well as hazard mitigation planning. The very possibility of a hurricane hitting Alabama in the near future-within which the County of Mobile is located- appears as a near certainty going by past occurrences. The authorities as well as the community in Mobile County need to be more prepared for disasters by instituting hazard mitigation measures. These measures should be actualized through an effort by the County authorities in conjunction with the major s takeholders to put together a team that will comprehensively analyze hurricane Katrina and other past hurricanes affecting Mobile County. The Hurricane mitigation plan for the city of Mobile sets out the available resources and important information that would assist the community in reducingthe effects of a hurricane that might occur in future. The plan concentrates on measures and actions that can be put in place to reduce the effects of a hurricane. It covers an assessment of risk, sets out a strategy for minimizing the effects, and present... ... Hurricane Katrina and New Orleans. Ocean Engineering, 37(1), 4-12. Marchi, B. D. (2007). Not Just a matter of Knowledge: The Katrina Debacle. Environmental Hazards, 7(2), 141-149. Rodiek J. (2007). Landscape Planning in Hazardous Zones, Lessons from Hurricane Katrina, August 2005. Landscape and Urban Planning, 79(1), 1-4. Sadowski N. & Sutter D. (2008). Mitigation Motivated by Past Experience: Prior Hurricanes and Damages. Ocean and Coastal Management, 51(4), 303-313. Waugh, W. (2006). Shelter from the Storm: Repairing the National Emergency Management System after Hurricane Katrina. Michigan City: SAGE Publications. Yarnal B. (2007). Vulnerability and all that Jazz: Addressing Vulnerability in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. Technology in Society, 29(2), 249-255. Forren J. (2005). Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Peri Anesthesia Nursing, 20(5), 303-304.

CORPORAL PUNISHMENT Essay

Positive Effects of Corporal Punishment Corporal punishment in regards to spanking has been used for hundreds of years in educational systems and in house holds and is still legal in all fifty states for parents to use in there household because it is an effective way to punish a child for wrong behavior. Even though in the last couple of decades this topic has been very controversial, many countries and educational systems have decided to outlawed corporal punishment because of the belief that it has created more and more violent behavior in children. But, there is still no direct link to spanking causing children to have more violent behavior. However, if youth violence and dysfunction is increasing at the same time that corporal punishment is decreasing, we should be open enough to consider whether the two trends are related. Maybe there is no connection. But maybe lawmakers and child welfare workers should pay more attention to the research suggesting that physical discipline can be helpful in certain contexts (Larzele re,2005). The whole reason for ‘punishment’ is to stop a behavior from happening again by applying an unpleasant stimulus immediately after a bad behavior has occurred. Therefore, we use corporal punishment because it is a method of punishment called punishment by application which spanking is applied to the child after a bad behavior, preventing it from happening again, which also help implement discipline. But corporal punishment is being apposed because other studies say it promotes more anger and aggression in juveniles, but places where it has been totally outlawed have shown different results. For instance, after Sweden outlawed spanking, violent behavior did not decrease. Instead, there has been substantially more violence in Sweden than ever before– violence by children, violence by parents, and violence by society in general (Grusec, 1994). That being said, there is no direct link to corporal punishment being the cause of violence increase because this shows it did just the opposite. But research does show that it could be linked to  something else, journalist Patricia Hersch tells of the ‘deluge of adolescent dysfunction sweeping the nation, manifesting itself in everything from drugs, sex, and underachievement to depression, suicide, and crime’; and it is being seen in younger and younger children. About 20% of kids now ‘have some sort of developmen tal, learning, or behavioral disorder.’ And as the Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development warns, ‘substantial numbers of American youth are at risk of reaching adulthood unable to meet adequately the requirements of the workplace, the commitments of relationships in families and with friends, and the responsibilities of participation in a democratic society.’(Hersch, 1998) And a lot of this is being caused by the lack of parenthood and how parents are raising their kids now days with substantially fewer parents staying home with their kids and we have become addicted to TV, movies, and videogames (Rosemond, 1989). Parents don’t have to attend to their kids as much because they just put a T.V. or some kind of videogame system in front of them to keep them occupied. Thus, giving the kids less interaction with other people and their parents, which can lead to bad relationships and also antisocial which leads to aggression as well. So we see all these thin gs that easily effect our children and their behavior but people still try to link all of it back to corporal punishment when we should look at the big picture. A common misunderstanding is how to use corporal punishment correctly, and the primary goal most parents have in administering corporal punishment is to stop children from misbehaving immediately (Gershoff, 2002) and is indeed a good method when used correctly. When a parent is using corporal punishment out of anger, frustration, or aggression, the child will learn that same action you apply on them. Therefore, the punishment can be classified as abuse to an extent and when pain is being forced on a child out of your own aggression and anger they learn those same attributes and those later on cause behavioral problems down the road. But when used just to stop a specific behavior with out trying to inflict pain on the child is when it is most effective, and yes spanking is a primitive discipline method. But a child’s mind is also primitive. As researchers like Dr. Jean Piaget of the University of Geneva have popularized, kids learn from the tangible to the intangible—fro m the concrete to the abstract. It is during  the tangible, concrete stages when physical discipline seems to be the most helpful (Fuller, 2010). Thus, when using corporal punishment correctly and not abusively, the child understands immediately at a younger age. It is just like a dog, you need to train them at a very young age for the training to be most effective. Same thing goes for children because at a young age is when it becomes concrete, and just like dogs again, and when they start getting older it’s harder to get children to obey, and you cant teach a dog new tricks. But statistics from Sears, Maccoby, and Levin (1957) show that they found that 99% of the children they studied experienced CP at least occasionally. If that’s true and corporal punishment causes aggression, promotes violent activities, and learning disabilities like people say then why doesn’t everyone have aggression, behavior problems, and learning disabilities? They don’t because spanking is to be better at controlling aggression than mental punishments like timeout, reasoning, scolding, â€Å"non-contact† punishment, privilege removal, love withdrawal, or diverting. Also showing that calm and controlled spanking, and spanking in response to defiance, is uniformly more beneficial than other punishments. (Larzelere,2005) Growing up in a household where corporal punishment was definitely used by my parents, I feel my experience has had a huge impact on me because it has honestly helped me now more than anything. I say that because at a young age I learned fast what was right and wrong and have always been able to pick up onto things fast, and as I grew up I might have had some family problems and what not but I feel like me being disciplined at such a young age, it has kept with me all along. And I’m not just disciplined because I think I will be punished or something, but I have learned to be more, I’ve learned to be self-disciplined, and being disciplined has helped me in school, sports, living life on a daily basis, and my future. And that is another reason I believe corporal punishment is effective; it teaches discipline at such a young age, and with discipline comes responsibility, and these two traits are key for healthy lifestyle not just at a young age but through your whole life . Because no matter how old you are their will always be a punishment for your disobedience, whether it’s disobeying your parents or it’s  disobeying a police officer, either way your going to have to disciplined enough to take responsibility for your actions. And if your making bad decisions or choices then you’ll probably have a worse punishment whether it’s a spanking or you go to prison. Punishments just get worse as we get older so might as well be disciplined now then end up in jail. In conclusion, I see corporal punishment as a very effective way for children to learn not to disobey your parents but to also just be obedient in general. Even though some researchers say it has evidence leading to violent behaviors and aggression, their research seems to be inadequate when it comes to the results and observations of research. Research trying to support the outlaw of corporal punishment even says the evidence presented is not strong enough to permit a conclusion that it has been proven that smacking causes long term adverse effects on children (Larzelere,2005). Proving my point that corporal punishment is not a direct link to issues down the line, and I would like to reinforce that corporal punishment is an effective way of punishment if used for the right reason and depending on the context of the behavior, and that it has personally directed me and influenced me in more of a positive way. Abstract After using the information I was able to gather from R. E. Larzelere, J. E. Grusec, P. Hersch, as well as J. Rosemod to help support my idea that corporal punishment is still an effective way of punishment in today’s society. Even though there is so many argued topics on the issue at the moment, I still concluded from my research that corporal punishment has no direct link to violence, aggression, and behavioral problems. Even after looking at evidence from E. Gershoff that tries to support the idea that corporal punishment causes behavioral problems as well as violent behaviors, a thorough understanding of whether and how corporal punishment affects children has not been reached. It hasn’t been reached because the research that is being used is unreliable and some of the parents are not aware of how to properly use corporal punishment on a child, so they are actually doing harm to their child because they are punishing the child out of anger rather than the sole reaso n to stop a behavior. Therefore, I believe  corporal punishment is an effective way of punishment and helps direct children the correct way down the road in life with quality traits like discipline, responsibility, and respecting and obeying your authorities. Reference Robert E. Larzelere & Brett R. Kuhn, Comparing Child Outcomes of Physical Punishment and Alternative Disciplinary Tactics: A Meta-Analysis, 8 CLINICAL CHILD & FAM. PSYCHOL. REV. 1, 32 (2005) [hereinafter Larzelere, Meta-Analysis] Joan E. Grusec & Jacqueline J. Goodnow, Impact of Parental Discipline Methods on the Child’s Internalization of Values: A Reconceptualization of Current Points of View, 30 DEV. PSYCHOL. 7 (1994) PATRICIA HERSCH, A TRIBE APART: A JOURNEY INTO THE HEART OF AMERICAN ADOLESCENCE 12 (1998) JOHN ROSEMOND, JOHN ROSEMOND’S SIX-POINT PLAN FOR RAISING HAPPY, HEALTHY CHILDREN 179-80 (1989) Gershoff, E. (2002). Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review.Psychological Bulletin, 128(4), 539-579. Retrieved from http://www.comm.umn.edu/~akoerner/courses/4471-F12/Readings/Gershoff (2002).pdf

Health Social Care

Making sure they have their fluids I set my standards very high and undertake all of my tasks for my service user to a gig standard even down to their cleaning, if standards aren't set high then this can cause problems with the service user for example: – if you don't brush their teeth one morning and forget to do it the next then their mouth would have a horrible taste and bad breath smell, this could then be called abuse and OVA (protection of venerable adults) could come into it. So it is very important for standards to be high in the work that is carried out. A way of describing how personal attitudes and beliefs that could be affected and how not to approach in this way is:- If you have a service user of different religion even though yourselves don't agree with this type of religion then you shouldn't treat them any different Service user has different skin color, you should treat them as any other person with same color skin as yourself If you and a service user have ha d a disagreement then you should just continue doing you work as normal and treat them as you normally would.Outcome 2: Be able to reflect on own activities Reflecting on your own work and activities is good because you can see where you are or have gone wrong, you can then change this by getting more training or advice room other people and they can show you what you are doing wrong. When you have done something good for example: I was in a service user's home and it was time for her medication, I gave her medication and then noticed she was putting them into her bag I asked if I could see and found loads of uneaten medication I then informed her that I was disposing of this medication. It made me feel so happy by doing this as I know she could've been planning an over dose or something. Sources of support for own learning and development could be: Spend time working alongside other colleagues.Talking to colleagues and asking them questions Going to training sessions either interna l or external Team meetings and discussions A personal development plan should be worked out with a supervisor. We will then discuss my goals and the best way of achieving them. Then my support manager will go through the best person for me to shadow in my new Job to learn new skills and to work on skills I already have, this person will then report back to my support manager on how well I am doing or if I need more training. This would then be discussed in another meeting we have to review what has been happening and how I am getting on in the new role Health Social Care Making sure they have their fluids I set my standards very high and undertake all of my tasks for my service user to a gig standard even down to their cleaning, if standards aren't set high then this can cause problems with the service user for example: – if you don't brush their teeth one morning and forget to do it the next then their mouth would have a horrible taste and bad breath smell, this could then be called abuse and OVA (protection of venerable adults) could come into it. So it is very important for standards to be high in the work that is carried out. A way of describing how personal attitudes and beliefs that could be affected and how not to approach in this way is:- If you have a service user of different religion even though yourselves don't agree with this type of religion then you shouldn't treat them any different Service user has different skin color, you should treat them as any other person with same color skin as yourself If you and a service user have ha d a disagreement then you should just continue doing you work as normal and treat them as you normally would.Outcome 2: Be able to reflect on own activities Reflecting on your own work and activities is good because you can see where you are or have gone wrong, you can then change this by getting more training or advice room other people and they can show you what you are doing wrong. When you have done something good for example: I was in a service user's home and it was time for her medication, I gave her medication and then noticed she was putting them into her bag I asked if I could see and found loads of uneaten medication I then informed her that I was disposing of this medication. It made me feel so happy by doing this as I know she could've been planning an over dose or something. Sources of support for own learning and development could be: Spend time working alongside other colleagues.Talking to colleagues and asking them questions Going to training sessions either interna l or external Team meetings and discussions A personal development plan should be worked out with a supervisor. We will then discuss my goals and the best way of achieving them. Then my support manager will go through the best person for me to shadow in my new Job to learn new skills and to work on skills I already have, this person will then report back to my support manager on how well I am doing or if I need more training. This would then be discussed in another meeting we have to review what has been happening and how I am getting on in the new role

Abagail William essays

Abagail William essays Uncle, we did dance; let you tell them I confessed it...(10). Her uncle, Reverence Parris asked her what had happened. Abigail William and her friends were dancing in the forest, but she did not tell him everything. She did not told him the truth, but really she and her friends were conjuring spirits with Tituba so the spirits they are conjuring with would fall in love with them. In the novel, The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, Abigail William, a young teenager girl causes the town of Salem to go corrupt. Abigail William is a liar, an obsessive lover and an evil young woman. She is a dishonest young woman who lies to get out of trouble. Her uncle uncertain what Abigail did in the forest talked to her about what happened? But we never conjured spirits(10). Abigail knows that if she tells the truth, she would get into big trouble. She could be condemned of witchcraft or could be hung. Knowing what the outcomes are, she lies that she never conjured spirits, even though she did. Her uncle, unsure of what Abigail said, asked her again. There is nothin more. I swear it, uncle(11). She could do nothing else, but continue lying. If she tells the truth now, she would get into even bigger trouble than she already has. Not only she is a deceitful girl, she is an obsessive lover. John Proctor is locked up because he was accused of witchcraft. One night, she visited him and talked him into running away with her. She told him how much she loves him, but John refused her love. Give me a word, John, a soft word(22). When a person loves another person so deeply, he or she wants to hear sweet words from that person. Abigail love John so much that she wants to hear loving words from him, but he does not want to. On the same night, she wants to change Johns mind to love her. ...oh John, I will make such a wife when the world is white again (she ...

Reynolds Surname Meaning and Origin

Reynolds Surname Meaning and Origin The common last name Reynolds is a patronymic surname meaning son of Reynold. The given name Reynold derives from the Germanic name Reginold composed of the elements ragin, meaning counsel, advice and wald, meaning rule. Mac Raghnaill is the Irish version of the Reynolds  surname, deriving  from the Old Norse  Rognvald  a Latin given name composed of  rogn for regal and vald, or valor. Surname Origin: English, Irish Alternate Surname Spellings: REYNOLDSON, REYNOLD, MAC RAGHNAILL, MRAINELL, MRANALD, MRANDAL, MACRANNALL, MACRANALD, MACRANDELL, MACCRINDLE, MACREYNOLD, MACREYNOLDS, RANDALSON, RONALDSON, RANNALS, RANDALS, RANDLES, RANOLDS Famous People with the Surname REYNOLDS: Ryan Reynolds - Canadian actorGeneral John F. Reynolds -  Union leader during the U.S. Civil War Genealogy Resources for the Surname REYNOLDS: Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 250 common last names from the 2000 census? The Reynolds Family CircleA  non-profit organization open to any descendant of William Reynolds and Jane Milliken who were married on August 23, 1790 in Greene County, Tennessee. Reynolds Surname DNA ProjectThis FamilyTreeDNA hosted project has over 200 members with the Reynolds surname who have had their Y-DNA tested in an attempt to determine distant ancestral origins. Reynolds Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Reynolds surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or ask your own question about your Reynolds ancestors. FamilySearch - REYNOLDS GenealogyFind records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Reynolds surname and its variations. REYNOLDS Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Reynolds surname. DistantCousin.com - REYNOLDS Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Reynolds. Looking for the meaning of a given name? Check out First Name Meanings Cant find your last name listed? Suggest a surname to be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Ethical Issues in Media Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical Issues in Media - Research Paper Example So, in case it features some corruption in terms of Ethics, the impact that it has on the social environment will be quite destructive. In addition to that, media platforms are known to form public opinion; therefore, if they convey information that is not correct, a part of the society will develop a wrong perception of reality. This paper will analyze an example that appeared in the media and violated ethics of journalism, proving that this is not acceptable for a reliable source of news and have negative influence on the society in general. Thus, when NBC which is a well known network was covering the shooting of Trayvon Martin, it featured audio recording that portray the alleged killer in a biased way. For example, George Zimmerman is showing saying: This guy looks like he’s up to no good. He looks black.† (â€Å"Trayvon Martin case†). However, this is not exactly what Zimmerman said. He did say that the person who he was watching was up to no good, but the phrase â€Å"he looks black† was a reply to the question: â€Å"OK, and this guy — is he black, white or Hispanic?† (Wemple, 2012). So, in the first situation, people might think that Zimmerman was a racial profiler since he connected ethnicity of the boy and his activity; however, the objective picture shows that he simply answered the question that he was asked (Ross, 2014, 64). Therefore, one would make no mistake pointing out that NBC presented an incorrect depiction of Zimmerman, trying to make him appear a worse perso n than he actually was. The First Amendment should be engaged in the discussion of this situation. According to it, the law prohibits any infringing on the freedom of the press; however, the latter is required to convey objective data. In case it fails to do so, the law should punish it (Anastaplo, 2007, 222). If one takes a look at the ethical issue in question, one will be able to see that it compromises justice to a

How to save a failing law firm Speech or Presentation

How to save a failing law firm - Speech or Presentation Example To be specific, the administration develops the rules and regulations required to govern all aspects of the company. Therefore, the administration should exercise innovation, in order to provide the company with guidelines that would shape the destiny of the firm in the long term perspective. On the other hand, management takes the established rules and regulations and implements them using the available resources in the firm. The management goals are usually in the short term. The available resources in a firm refer to the factors of production such as capital, labour, and skills. These two responsibilities are very important in running any firm as they define the future position of a company. For this reason, leaders and managers require to possess vast knowledge and skills for any meaningful success in a company. Knight and Day Company is in the verge of collapsing. Hence, there is the need to integrate leadership and management skill so as to revive the economy of this firm, and save it from losing its credibility. A number of critical issues threaten Knight and Day Company in its leadership and management. There are several challenges that these two dockets need to address immediately in order to save the existing situation. One of the potential challenges in this firm is the labour resource. There is evidence of poor management and utilization of the labour force in this firm. To begin with, there is evidence of unskilled labour resource.In any given company, lack of skilled labour force is one of the major drawbacks in the labour resource. Unskilled labour brings out low productivity in the farm. Labour is one of the most significant and scarce resource in any company. Therefore, it is the duty of the management to oversee hiring of skilled labour to ensure that tapped labour resource can be harnessed effectively. This will provide optimum profits for the firm. In addition, there is evidence of loss of the already existing labour facility as the workers quit their jobs and take up alternatives out of this company.This is a major problem that can lead to failure of a company. This is because when the firm loses its laborer, it takes time to replace it through the recruitment process. This contributes to a large extent to the losses in a firm. The problem of labour resource management might require more allocation of resources such as time and money. In the process of reformation, there is the need to reform the labour resource through a recruitment process in order to have the required skilled labour. The recruitment process involves advertisement, interviews and even orientation of new employees. All these activities require financial support to implement. Moreover, skilled manpower requires that the salaries are moderated, and more specifically raised in order to avoid the massive departures of the employees from the firm. In addition, the whole process would require that the management sit in various sessions in order to provide a new set of development policies that would be used to regulate the labour force. This will require abundant time and also the use of money Another factor threatening the success of this firm is the poor co-ordination of the various departments and branches. For instance, the Los Angeles office operates autonomously from the rest of the offices in

ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example The â€Å"Book of Job† and the â€Å"Wisdom of Ben-Sira,† are two of the accounts of the Bible which greatly emphasized these two concepts. In this paper, Job’s challenge against ancient wisdom, proceeded by Ben-Sira’s justification about the goodness of God will be taken into account. What Victor Hugo has to say is a reminder of the literary magnificence of the Book of Job. Stating that if all forms of literature would vanish from the Earth, he would save the Book of Job, is a proof that the book is not only an ordinary piece of religious instruction, rather, a source of wisdom with eloquence in pronouncing the teachings of God. Basically, the purpose of the book is to answer the age old question about the nature of man’s suffering and why the righteous should suffer (Copeland 4). Although someone might argue the image of God presented in the Old Testament is an angry, punishing God, He is still the same loving, ever righteous and just God as in the New Testament. However, the great misfortunes of the wicked and the rigid test of faith in the persons found in the Old Testament might be the root of this misconception. Ancient wisdom contends that God is omnipotent and punishes whoever commits a violation of the Commandment. Job, on the other hand, is a man of good deed and yet, he suffered greatly. As a father and a faithful, he believes that God is all-powerful and acknowledges it through sacrifices and teaching his children about the greatness of God. Clearly, he was favored by God in giving him wisdom and wealth, but due to the afflictions made by Satan (with God’s permission), he has changeable convictions about the existence of humans and their relationship toward God. As stated, â€Å"Job questions the moral underpinnings of human existence, for he no longer receives proper dividends from above† (ABD, III, 862). Job complains about his innocent suffering. However, adjacent to his complaints are his own assumptions why such

Comparison of Vietnamese and English Language: Idioms

Comparison of Vietnamese and English Language: Idioms Abstract Language is a system of communication of a nation. Every nation has their own historical, civilized, cultural, climatic characteristics, so every nation has their own language. However, different nations have similarities and differences in expressing their ideas. Studying similarities and differences between idioms of comparison in English and Vietnamese is liable to help the researcher to affirm that. Moreover, making some comparisons is a good way to memorize English idioms of comparison effectively and enjoyably. Hence, translation skill can be improved thanks to more knowledge about idioms. In addition, making comparisons between English and Vietnamese idioms can help the researcher to understand more about cultures of both of countries since similarities and differences in culture reflect coincidences and dissimilarities in ways of thinking and looking at the world of English and Vietnamese people. Idioms of comparison in Vietnamese and English:  A Contrastive Analysis Introduction Idioms of comparison are applied frequently in literature and in daily life. It serves as a tool to make the language more graphic. However, every language has differences in ways of expressing the same idea using idioms of comparison. The goal of the study is to discover some common types of comparison used in English and Vietnamese idioms. In addition, the study chiefly aims at finding out some similarities and differences between comparison idioms in both English and Vietnamese. Because there are so many comparison idioms in both languages, it is impossible to include all of them in the study. The study can just explore comparison idiomatic expressions which play an important part in the purpose of the study. Theoretical Framework Theoretical background of idioms in English Definition of idioms in English The Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary defines idioms as: A group of words whose meaning is different from the meanings of the individual words (Hornby, 2006, p.740). The viewpoint is supported in A Dictionary of Linguistics Phonetics. The author regards an idiom as a term used in grammar and lexicography to refer to a sequence of words which us semantically and often syntactically restricted, so that they function as a single unit (Crystal, 1985, p.225). According to A Dictionary of Linguistics, an idiom is any expression peculiar to a language, conveying a distinct meaning, not necessarily explicable by, occasionally even contrary to, the general accepted grammatical rules (Pei Gaynor, 1954, p.95). Feature of English idioms When mentioning semantic features of idioms, we had better focus on the figurative meaning of idioms. It is the most important characteristic of idioms to know whether an expression is an idiom or not. According to Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary: A idiom is a group of words which, when they are used together in a particular combination, has a different meaning from the one they would have if you took the meaning of the individual words in the group. (Sinclair, 1987, p.718) Smiley Goldtein (1998) also suggest that idioms are certainly more than the sums of their parts (p.76). That means the meaning of components of an idiom is different from the meaning of the whole idiom. That we can guess the meaning of an idiom or not depends on open or closed classes. As Yong and Peng (2007) suggest: In open class combinations, individual components are freely recombination and are used in a common literal sense. As co-occurrence of individual components is expected of this class of combinations, both their meaning and structures are predictable amenable to analysis. (p.178) For instance, we can guess the meaning of the idiom turn over a new leaf. Turn over means to make something change position so that the other side is facing towards the outside or the top and a new leaf is a leaf which is more beautiful, more perfect. Therefore, the meaning of the idioms can be guessed as to change your way of life to become a better, more responsible person. However, in close class combinations, we cannot guess the meaning of idioms. That is because they are characterized by semantic opaqueness, syntactic restrictions and structural stability (Yong Peng, 2007, p.178). For example, the idioms spread oneself too thin or for the birds. Idioms have a fixed form that usually cannot be changed (Heacock, 2003, p.ix). However, Heacock (2003) also claims: Not all fixed phrases are idioms. For example, close your eyes is a common fixed phrase, but not an idiom because each word in it is used in its standard meaning. The phrase keep your skirt is an idiom, however, because the phrase does not mean do not take off your skirt it means stay calm. (p.ix) Idioms can be divided into six different forms or structures: + Idioms located at noun entries such as in addition to', for the birdsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ + Idioms located at verb entries such as look forward to, take off, hear aboutà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ + Idioms located at adjectival entries such as in short, hot under the collarà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ + Idioms located at adverbial entries such as once again, worse off à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ + Idioms located at pronominal entries such as give it up, come to nothingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ + Idioms located at numeral entries such as give a hundred percent, one by oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Its really important to know that modifying any components and functional words can lose the idiomatic meaning (Yong Peng, 2007). Theoretical background of idioms in Vietnamese Definition of idioms in Vietnamese According to Tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ « Ä ià ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™n Thà  nh Ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯ và   Tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥c Ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯ Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t Nam: Thà  nh ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯ Tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ng Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t là   nhà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯ng tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £p tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ « ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯ cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¹nh cà ³ cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥u trà ºc tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ « hoà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ·c cà ¢u nhÆ °ng hoà  n toà  n thuà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢c phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡m trà ¹ cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥p tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ «, Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c mà £ hà ³a hà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §u hà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ u cà ³ tà ­nh chà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥t cà ¡ch Ä‘ià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡u nghà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ thuà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­t, và   chà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ° là  m mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢t thà  nh phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §n trong cà ¢u nà ³i. (Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n, 2010, p.5) As Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n (2007) has noted in his book, thà  nh ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯ là   tà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­p hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £p tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ « cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¹nh Ä‘Ã £ quen dà ¹ng mà   nghÄ ©a cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ §a nà ³ thÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ng khà ´ng thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™ già ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £i thà ­ch Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢t cà ¡ch Ä‘Æ ¡n già ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ±ng nghÄ ©a cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ §a cà ¡c tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ « tà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡o nà ªn nà ³ (p. 8). Features of Vietnamese idioms Idioms are characterized by figurative and metaphorical meanings. Therefore, its too difficult to comprehend although we know the meanings of all their components. For example, là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥y thà ºng à ºp voi, gà   Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™ gà   cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥c tà ¡c, Ä‘i guà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœc trong bà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥ngà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Especially idioms are originated from fairy tales, folk talesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦such as ba que xà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  là ¡, thà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ±ng chà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t cà £i thà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ±ng khià ªng, nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £ nhÆ ° chà ºa Chà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¢m, sÆ ° tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ­ Hà   Ä Ãƒ ´ngà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n, Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n Phan, 2009). Idioms usually consist of more than 3 components whose counterpoint, alliteration and rhyme are combined with each other in many different ways. There are some idioms of comparison such as nà ³ng nhÆ ° là ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ­a, khà ³c nhÆ ° mÆ °a, nhanh nhÆ ° chà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºpà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Also, there are some idioms which are created according to counterpoint, alliteration such as tai to mà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ·t là ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºn, mià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ng hà ¹m gan sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©a, cà ¹ng hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i cà ¹ng thuyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ n, ong bÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºm là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £ lÆ ¡ià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Besides, some idioms are originally spoken words in everyday speech which are usually used again and again for a long time and then develop figurative meanings to become idioms, for instance chà ¡Ã‚ »Ã… ¸ cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ §i và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  rà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ «ng, theo voi hà ­t bà £ mà ­a, nÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºc chà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £y chà ¡Ã‚ »- trÃ…Â ©ng, Ä‘i guà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ Ëœc trong bà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥ngà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n et al, 2009). Theoretical background of English idioms of comparison At first, we should find out the definition of idioms of comparison which are also called similes. There are a lot of definitions of simile. According to Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, simile is a word or phrase that compares sth to sth else, using the words like or as, for example a face like a mask or as white as snow; the use of such words and phrases (Hornby, 2006, p.1369). An idiom of comparison is also defined as: the comparison of two nouns with different meanings, using the words like or as to make the connection. Friendship is like ice cream, fear moved like lighting, and leaves feel as slippery as fish are examples of similes. (Tucker, 2002, p.41) There is also a similar but shorter definition in The Challenge of Effective Speaking: A simile is a direct comparison of dissimilar things using the word like or as (Verderber, Verderber Sellnow, 2008, p.197). The meanings of similes are figurative. Take the simile as tall as a tree as an example. When you say: Minh is as stubborn as a mule, you mean Minh is so stubborn, not Minh is as stubborn as a mule. Therefore, the simile as stubborn as a mule is considered figurative. Learners can sometimes be confused between similes and metaphors but they are really different: A metaphor, like a simile, is a comparison between two essentially unlike things. In contrast to a simile, however, where an explicit comparison is made (The eye is like a lamp for the body), the metaphor makes an implicit comparison (The eye is lamp of the body). (Robert H. Stein 15) Huff (2004) asserts that the only difference between simile and metaphor is that metaphor does not use the words like or as to make the comparison (p.98). In other words, two distinctly different things in a simile are connected by like or as while a metaphor is an implied but in many ways even more direct than comparison because the reader is expected to identify the comparison without the word like or as (Osborne, 1997, p.124). However, because similes merely join two disparate ideas or images, they are generally less fertile than metaphors, which can evoke additional and fresh shades of meaning (Ehrenhaft, 2008, p.145). Theoretical background of Vietnamese idioms of comparison In Vietnamese, there are 2 kinds of idioms of comparison: one employs the word nhÆ °, tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ±a, tà  y, bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ±ng, tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ±a nhÆ ° or cÃ…Â ©ng nhÆ ° and one doesnt. Based on similarities of characteristics of 2 things, 2 phenomena, 2 actions, the Vietnamese create a large number of idioms which use A to name or to modify B. Eg: Mà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ·t trà ¡i xoan: oval-shaped face. Star: a famous and talented person (usually in art, sport, culture). (Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n, 2010) The other kind of idioms of comparison includes the word bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ±ng, tà  y, tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ±a, sà ¡nh, nhÆ ° or cÃ…Â ©ng nhÆ ° which divides an idiom into 2 parts. Both of parts can be a noun, verb, phrase or clause. The second part whose function is predicating and complementing the first part is counted from comparative word. Eg: In the idiom tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i tà  y Ä‘Ã ¬nh, tà  y Ä‘Ã ¬nh is the complement of the noun tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i. In the idiom chà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡y nhÆ ° bay, nhÆ ° bay is the complement of the verb chà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡y. (Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n, 2010) A contrastive analysis of comparison idioms in English and Vietnamese Quantity comparison There are about 700 idioms of comparison in English, for example, as warm as sunbeam, to follow like a shadow, to work like a Trojan,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ There are a similarity in the number of idioms of comparison in English and Vietnamese. Some examples of Vietnamese idioms of comparison are là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡nh nhÆ ° tià ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ n, xanh nhÆ ° tà  u là ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Similarities of idioms of comparison in English and Vietnamese Although the culture of two nations is different, ways of thinking and looking at the world of English and Vietnamese is somehow similar. Hence, both Vietnamese and English express ideas and concepts in the same way. In fact, a large number of Vietnamese idioms of comparison are similar with English idioms of comparison in terms of both concept and image to express. English idioms Vietnamese idioms As black as coal Ä en nhÆ ° than As black as crow Ä en nhÆ ° quà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡ As black as ink Tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœi Ä‘en nhÆ ° mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ±c As sweet as sugar Ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ t nhÆ ° Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ng As black as soot Ä en nhÆ ° bà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å" hà ³ng As brief as a dream Ngà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¯n nhÆ ° mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢t già ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥c mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢ng As bright as day Sà ¡ng nhÆ ° ban ngà  y As brilliant as stars Sà ¡ng nhÆ ° sao As changeable as the weather Hay thay Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¢i nhÆ ° thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ i tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t As cold as ice Là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡nh nhÆ ° băng As cheerful as a lark Vui nhÆ ° sà ¡o As cunning as a fox Xà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £o quyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t nhÆ ° cà ¡o As dark as midnight Tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœi nhÆ ° nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ­a Ä‘Ã ªm As dumb as a an oyster Cà ¢m nhÆ ° hà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿n As fair as a rose Xinh nhÆ ° hoa As fast as a hare Nhanh nhÆ ° thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  As fat as a pig Mà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­p nhÆ ° heo As fierce as a tiger Dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯ nhÆ ° cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ p As firm as rock Và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯ng nhÆ ° Ä‘Ã ¡ As fleet as the wind Nhanh nhÆ ° già ³ As fresh a rose TÆ °Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ¡i nhÆ ° hoa As gay as a lark Vui nhÆ ° sà ¡o As gruff as a bear Hà ¡Ã‚ »-n nhÆ ° gà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥u As good (valuable) as gold Quà ½ nhÆ ° và  ng As green as a leaf Xanh nhÆ ° tà  u là ¡ As heavy as an elephant Nà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ·ng nhÆ ° voi As hard as a stone Cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©ng nhÆ ° Ä‘Ã ¡ As heavy as lead Nà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ·ng nhÆ ° chà ¬ As hot as fire Nà ³ng nhÆ ° là ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ­a As keen as a razor Sà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¯c nhÆ ° dao cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡o As light as down Nhà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¹ tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ±a là ´ng hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å"ng As light as a feather Nhà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¹ tÆ °a là ´ng hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å"ng As mum as an oyster Cà ¢m nhÆ ° hà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿n As pretty as a picture Ä Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¹p nhÆ ° tranh As quick as lightning Nhanh nhÆ ° à ¡nh sà ¡ng As quick as a flash Nhanh nhÆ ° chà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºp As red as blood Ä Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  nhÆ ° mà ¡u As red as a beetroot Ä Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  nhÆ ° gà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥c As sharp as a razor Sà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¯c nhÆ ° dao cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡o As silly as a calf Ngu nhÆ ° bà ² As sour as vinegar Chua nhÆ ° già ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥m As stink as a polecat Hà ´i nhÆ ° chà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å"n As swift as lightning Nhanh nhÆ ° chà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºp As smooth as velvet Mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¹n nhÆ ° nhung As slow as a snail Chà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­m nhÆ ° sà ªn As swift as an arrow Nhanh nhÆ ° tà ªn bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¯n As steady as rock Cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©ng nhÆ ° Ä‘Ã ¡ As timid as a rabbit/ hare Nhà ¡t nhÆ ° thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ As thick as ants Ä Ãƒ ´ng nhÆ ° kià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿n As transparent as glass Trong suà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœt nhÆ ° thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ §y tinh As yellow as saffron Và  ng nhÆ ° nghà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ As wet as a drowned mouse Æ ¯Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºt nhÆ ° chuà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢t là ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢t As white as snow Trà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¯ng nhÆ ° tuyà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t As white as a sheet NhÆ ° tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  già ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥y trà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¯ng Like father like son Cha nà  o con nà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥y To fight like cat and dog NhÆ ° chà ³ và ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºi mà ¨o To stick like a leech Bà ¡m dai nhÆ ° Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ °a To stick like glue Dà ­nh nhÆ ° keo To cry like a baby Khà ³c nhÆ ° Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©a trà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ » To follow like a shadow Theo nhÆ ° hà ¬nh và ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºi bà ³ng To swim like fish BÆ ¡i nhÆ ° cà ¡ Differences of idioms of comparison in English and Vietnamese The same content but different images to express Images of idiomatic comparisons in twp nations are different result from differences in culture. Vietnam has the cultural tradition of the wet rice production. Therefore, animals have a strong attachment to Vietnamese daily life. Thats why Vietnamese idioms of comparison consist of images related to buffaloes which are an animal familiar with rice production agriculture. Buffaloes pull ploughs, work very hard everyday to help farmers in their farming. As a result, wanting to mention strength, people often refer to buffaloes. In fact, to talk about someone very strong, the Vietnamese have the idiom khà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ e nhÆ ° trà ¢u while the English have the idiom as strong as a horse. Thats because English people prefer horses to buffaloes. Horses can not only pull ploughs but also transport and entertain. They are really energetic and strong enough to help people in life. In spite of that, it doesnt mean that English people dont consider buffaloes strong animals or Vietnamese people dont regard horses as strong animals. That results just from the difference in culture. Also, dragons are a kind of animal which is very close in fertile imagination of Vietnamese people. Because of that, the image as a dragon appear in the Vietnamese idiom of comparison ăn nhÆ ° rà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å"ng cuà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœn to talk about eating large quantities of food while the image of a horse is used in the idiom to eat like a horse. Lamp, butter are so familiar with English life while sweet potatoes, pig are familiar with Vietnamese life, as a result there are differences in images to express their ideas of gentleness and fatness: English idioms Vietnamese idioms As gentle as a lamp Hià ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ n nhÆ ° cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ § khoai As fat as butter Bà ©o nhÆ ° là ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £n Besides, the differences in the ways of thinking and observing the world make differences in the images of idiomatic comparisons. Take some following examples to illustrate that: English idioms Vietnamese idioms As easy as ABC Dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ nhÆ ° trà ¡Ã‚ »Ã… ¸ bà  n tay As easy as pie Dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ nhÆ ° trà ¡Ã‚ »Ã… ¸ bà  n tay As easy as anything Dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ nhÆ ° trà ¡Ã‚ »Ã… ¸ bà  n tay As smooth as butter MÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £t nhÆ ° nhung As pale as a ghost Xanh nhÆ ° tà  u là ¡ As lazy as a lizard LÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ i nhÆ ° hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ §i As soft as wax Mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ m nhÆ ° bà ºn As merry as a cricket Vui nhÆ ° tà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t As cheerful as the birds Vui nhÆ ° tà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t As glad as a fly Vui nhÆ ° tà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t As happy as a child Vui nhÆ ° tà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t As happy as a clam Vui nhÆ ° tà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t As dark as midnight Tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœi nhÆ ° Ä‘Ã ªm ba mÆ °Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ¡i As black as midnight Tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœi nhÆ ° Ä‘Ã ªm 30 As dark as midnight Tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœi nhÆ ° hÃ…Â © nà ºt As close as herrings Chà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ·t nhÆ ° nà ªm As soundly as a log (Ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ §) say nhÆ ° chà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t As cold as marble Là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡nh nhÆ ° tià ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ n As dry as a biscuit Khà ´ nhÆ ° ngà ³i As red as lipstick Ä Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  nhÆ ° gà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥c As thin as finger Gà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §y nhÆ ° bà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢ xÆ °Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ¡ng khà ´ As weak as a kitten Yà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿u nhÆ ° sà ªn As weak as a baby Yà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿u nhÆ ° sà ªn As black as a stack of black cats Ä en nhÆ ° cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢t nhà   chà ¡y As black as the ace of spades Ä en nhÆ ° cà º sà ºng As round as a barrel Trà ²n nhÆ ° quà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £ bà ³ng As old as the hills XÆ °a nhÆ ° trà ¡i Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥t As hot as mustard Cay nhÆ ° à ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºt Like hot cake Ä Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¯t nhÆ ° tà ´m tÆ °Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ¡i As silent as the dead Im là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ·ng nhÆ ° tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  As silent as the grave Im là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ·ng nhÆ ° tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  What is more, the differences in human make differences between English and Vietnamese idioms. For example, in Vietnam, there is the idiom ghen nhÆ ° Hoà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡n ThÆ ° to refer to a person who is dreadfully jealous. However, in English, the idiom as jealous as Othello is used to talk about a ones jealousy. Another example is sÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºng nhÆ ° tià ªn and as happy as a king. Indeed, Vietnamese people consider a fairy the happiest one while English people consider a king the happiest one. The same components but the dissimilar content Every so often, some images of comparison can appear in both Vietnamese and English idioms but the meaning of the two whole idioms are quite different. Thats because the meaning of components differs in culture. Indeed, using the idiom rà µ nhÆ ° ban ngà  y, the Vietnamese want to indicate a event which has nothing fishy. Meanwhile English people use the idiom as bright as day to describe a light room. Besides, when the weather is fine and sunny with good natural light, English people say: Its as bright as day. Besides, wanting to compliment someone on his or her beauty of eyes, Vietnamese people say: Mà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¯t cà ´ sà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¯c nhÆ ° dao cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡o. Still, English people use the idiom as sharp as a razor to refer to ones brainpower. What is more, whilst Vietnamese people apply the idiom chà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¯c nhÆ ° Ä‘inh Ä‘Ã ³ng cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢t to something steady, as hard as nails in English idiom means a person who is quite strict. Also, when Vietnamese people say: Nà ³ tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœt nhÆ ° và  ng, they mean its worth buying the object because of its good quality. In contrast, as good as gold cannot be used to compliment an object. In other words, English people never say: Its as good as gold but The person is as good as gold. The person can be an assiduous and submissive child or a well-behaved adult. Pedagogical Implications for Teaching English Idioms of comparison Learning English idioms is one of steps so as to help learners master English. English idioms of comparison are frequently used in daily life. Therefore, teachers should help their students learn idioms most effectively. Firstly, its advisable for teachers to raise students awareness of similarities and differences between Vietnamese and English idioms of comparison. When teachers teach their students a certain English idiom of comparison, they should let them guess the Vietnamese idiom which is equivalent to that idiom, making a comparison and explain why they are similar or different. Its really useful for them to have a long-term memory about that idiom of comparison. Secondly, idioms of comparison as well as other idioms are taught and practiced in classroom but students rarely apply them to their daily speech. Thats why teachers should encourage students to use idioms of comparison in their daily life as frequently as possible. Learners will memorize idioms better if idioms of comparison are put into communicative contexts. Dont make them learn by heart. Thirdly, teachers should draw students attention to idioms of comparison which are most useful and most frequent. As there are so many idioms of comparison in English culture, about 700, students arent liable to memorize and apply all of them in their daily life. Students should be taught to know what idioms of comparison they should learn. Conclusion There are both similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese idioms of comparison. The same or different image can bear resemblance in the meaning of English and Vietnamese idioms of comparison. In addition, there are some idioms of comparison which have the same components but the meaning are quite different. Great as have the researcher made an attempt to do the research, there are some restrictions on the research out of the limited time and other unexpected factors. The researcher hopes that the research will a useful material for learners and teachers to learn or teach most effectively.

The Negative Effects of Nuclear Energy :: Nuclear Energy Negative Essays

In 1950, the first commercial nuclear power plants were constructed. The public was promised a non-polluting and resourceful type of energy, but how safe was, and is, nuclear energy? Although there are less than 500 licensed nuclear power plants in the world, many nuclear accidents have already been endangering civilian lives. More serious accidents are not just likely, but inevitable (Fairchild 29). Nuclear energy may appear to be the ideal source of energy for the future: however, there are many negative effects of nuclear energy that can lead to very dangerous situations. Energy has always been among the basic human concerns, along with food and shelter. It takes part in all activities, from walking to the operation of even the most complicated equipment. Mankind has been faced with the challenge of meeting its energy needs without risking human health and the environment. The many types of energy are mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, radiant, and atomic (Microsoft Encarta). In 1987, oil supplied 32% of the energy worldwide. Coal was next in line with 26%, then natural gas with 17%, biomass 15%, and nuclear energy with only 4% (Galperin 19). With the main sources of our energy running low, nations look to new sources to provide our society with power. Nuclear energy, the newest type of energy, was researched to see if it would be the most promising type of energy for the future. Surprisingly, nuclear energy was discovered by accident. In 1896, the French scientist, Antoine Henri Becquerel, conducted an experiment with uranium salts and found that these salts gave off their own light when exposed to sunlight. Marie and Pierre Curie were fascinated by the possibilities of Becquerel’s rays. The Curies discovered exactly what the rays were and then named the phenomenon radioactivity (Halacy 6). During World War II, many scientists from around the world came to the United States to work on nuclear reactors and weapons. With much success, they continued after World War II and concentrated more on nuclear energy. The scientists instantly saw that nuclear energy would be a great source of power because of the amount of power it released. Splitting an amount of uranium equal to one penny would produce as much energy as seven and a half tons of coal (Lilienthal 85). A nuclear power plant is where energy is formed when nuclear fission or fusion takes place. So far, however, only the power of fission has been controlled and used for energy. There are many parts of the nuclear power plant, including the reactor, generator, control room, cooling systems, and the electrical, air, and water lines. The heart of the nuclear power plant is its reactor core, which contains a few hundred fuel assemblies. The reactor core is encased in a pressured steel tank

Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male

Between 1932 and 1972, the United States Government engaged in a scientific study in which approximately 400 African-American men infected with syphilis were diagnosed but left untreated. The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis was led by the United States Public Health Service (PHS). It took advantage of uneducated, poor African-American farmers from Macon County, Alabama. The movie â€Å"Miss Evers’ Boys† reveals that the Tuskegee Study was conducted by a group of Southern doctors, and tells the story of the 400 African-American men who were the uninformed subjects of this study, which sought to determine whether untreated syphilis affects African-American men in the same way that it does white men. Further data for the study were to be collected from autopsies. Although originally projected for completion within six months, the study actually remained in progress for 40 years. At first, these African-Americans were treated for the disease, but once funding for the study was cut, treatment ceased. The study proceeded without informing its subjects that they were no longer being medicated. Miss Evers was told that once the Government realizes that the study has remained in progress, new funds will be made available within a year. But the study went on for forty years, without the researchers resuming the men’s treatment at any point. The men were simply given placebos, then observed. They were even given spinal taps (â€Å"back shots†) to give them the impression that they are receiving treatment. Penicillin became available, but it was not administered to them, partly because of a rumor that it could kill them, but mostly because the researching doctors did not want the study’s outcomes jeopardized by this unforeseen variable. Most of the men died, and some went crazy; very few were alive at the end of the forty-year research period. The eventual finding was that untreated syphilis affects African-Americans and whites alike. The study began with good intentions. In 1929, prior to its inception, the blood-testing of African-Americans was funded by The Rosenwald Foundation for Black Community Development in the South. These blood tests were intended to locate the presence of syphilis, after which treatment could begin. When it transpired that treating all the infected men would be monetarily unfeasible, Dr. Taliaferro Clark, director of the PHS, proposed the study of the effects of untreated syphilis (in its late stages) in the black male. This study was to be an initiative of the Tuskegee Institute in Macon County, Alabama. After Dr. Clark retired in June of 1933, Dr. Raymond Vonderlehr succeeded him as Director of the Division of Venereal Diseases. The true nature of the study had to be kept from the subjects, to ensure their cooperation. Its goal was to discover how syphilis affects blacks as distinct from whites—the theory being that whites experience more neurological complications from syphilis, whereas blacks are more susceptible to cardiovascular damage. How this knowledge was to be useful in the clinical treatment of syphilis is uncertain. Regulations for using human beings in medical experiments are strict, and require that patients have a full knowledge and clear understanding of the experiment’s health risks and benefits. Yet the government doctors associated with the study refused even to use the term â€Å"syphilis. Instead, they misled their subjects by simply informing them that they had â€Å"bad blood. † Even when penicillin became available in 1947, these men were denied access to it, because its administration would interfere with the findings of the study. Local physicians, draft boards and PHS venereal disease programs were given as information nothing more than a list of â₠¬Å"subjects. † The only treatment the men received was aspirin and iron supplements. Since none of them had ever had more than a little healthcare, they believed that what they were getting as treatment was very effective cure for bad blood. In exchange for taking part in the study, the men received free medical examinations, free hot meals, a certificate signed by the Surgeon General, and a $50 burial stipend. Syphilis is a highly contagious disease caused by the spirochete Treponema Pallidum. Acquired T. Pallidum enters the body through skin mucous membranes, usually during sexual contact. Congenital Syphilis (CS) is transmitted to the fetus from the infected mother when the spirochete penetrates the placenta. Syphilis is a systemic disease, attacking tissues throughout the body. After initial penetration, the spirochetes multiply rapidly. First they enter the lymph capillaries, where they are transported to the nearest lymph gland. There they multiply, and are released into the blood stream. Within days the spirochetes invade every part of the body. A multi-organ infection, CS may result in a the neurologic or musculoskeletal handicap, or death, of the fetus when not properly treated. Trends in the CS rates of women of childbearing age follow by approximately one year the rates of primary and secondary syphilis. Racial/ethnic minorities continue to be affected disproportionately by CS. No biologic association exists between race and the risk of delivering an infant with CS; race serves as a marker of other factors, such as poverty and access to health care, in communities with high syphilis rates (5-7). Individual factors, such as illicit drug use and the â€Å"wanted† status of a pregnancy, also influence the chances of a mother delivering an infant with CS. In acquired syphilis, the organism rapidly penetrates intact mucous membranes or microscopic dermal abrasions, and, within a few hours, enters the lymphatics and blood to produce systemic infection. The central nervous system is invaded early in the infection. Examinations demonstrate that there are abnormal findings in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of more than 30% of patients in the secondary stage of the infection. In the first 5-10 years of contracting the infection, its principal involvement is with the meninges and blood vessels, resulting in meningovascular neurosyphilis. Later, the parenchyma of the brain and spinal cord are damaged, resulting in parenchymatous neurosyphilis. Three stages mark the progression of the disease: primary, secondary and tertiary. The primary stage commences 10-60 days after infection. Lesions usually appear at the point of contact, which is typically the genitals. After that, a painless, somewhat raised round ulcer appears. This chancre may be so small that it goes undetected. Leading into the secondary stage, the chancre will heal within 30-60 days without any treatment, leaving a scar that can remain for months. The secondary stage lasts from approximately 6 weeks to 6 months. During this time, a rash similar to measles or chicken pox appears on the skin. Fever, indigestion and headaches may accompany the rash. Bones and joints may be painful, and cardiac palpitations may also develop. In some cases, highly infectious, spirochete-laden ulcers may appear in the mouth. Scalp hair may drop out in patches, creating a moth-eaten appearance. Syphilis in the tertiary stage manifests as gummy or rubbery tumors on the skin, which is the result of spirochete concentration in body tissue. These sores band together into large, encrusted ulcers that consist s of several layers of dry matter. â€Å"Tumors may also attack and weaken the walls of heart or blood vessels. Heart valves may no longer open and close properly, resulting in leakage. The stretching vessel walls may produce an aortic aneurysm, a balloon-like bulge. If the bulge bursts, as often is the case, the result is sudden death† (Pyle). Many factors declare the destructive Tuskegee experiment wrong, regardless of whether it contributed to the fight against syphilis. There were 28 deaths directly attributable to the syphilis experiments, 100 deaths due to the complications of the disease, 40 wives of experiment subjects were infected by the disease, and 19 children were born with congenital syphilis. Risks have to be taken in science for the sake of advancement, and risks always have some negative consequences. But scientific experimentation on people selected on the basis of their skin color and social class, then kept ignorant of their condition and its danger to themselves and to others, and misled to believe that they are receiving curative treatment, is nothing short of a conspiratorial act of pure evil. The Tuskeegee experiment went on until 1972, close to thirty years after penicillin was discovered during the ’forties. Syphilis, the deadly bacterium Treponema pallidum, had reached epidemic proportions in the past. Science should strive to make the world a better environment to live in. It is to be applauded when its research efforts make great strikes to this end. But in the case of the Tuskegee Study, the wrong done in the name of scientific research far outweighs the right. This study made victims of its subjects, and of people connected with them, knowingly and unnecessarily. It wantonly lied to the subjects who had volunteered in good faith, first by refusing to disclose the exact nature of the medical condition, then by pretending to them that they were receiving curative treatment, then again y withholding the apt curative treatment that became available. This study sought out African-American men who had been infected by syphilis, then proceeded to treat them like purpose-serving injected lab rats. Even after the whistle was blown in 1972, in a Washington Star article by Jean Heller, the public health service remained unrepentant, insisting that the men had freely volunteered to become the subjects of the study. An Alabama state health official even tried to make light of Heller’s revelation of gross abuse and deception: â€Å"People are making a mountain out of a molehill. Science is a necessary part of life. But for its great achievements, mankind would still be in the Dark Ages. However, pursuit of the advancement of scientific knowledge must never cross the well-marked line between that which is necessary, and that which is cruel and unnecessary. The Tuskegee syphilis experiment did cross that line, and that besmirched scientific research and the integrity even of its ethical practitioners. Work cited Pyle, Kevin C. â€Å"Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. † Available at: http://www. dreamscape. com/morgana/adrastea. htm.